Aphasia, a neurologic impairment in language processing that may affect the formulation of language as well as the comprehension of language, affects approximately 30-50% of stroke survivors globally (Breier, Juranek, & Papanicolaou, 2011). Until recently, it was presumed that recovery of language functions was unlikely beyond the first three to twelve months post-stroke; however, current research with stroke patients provides evidence that rehabilitation interventions result in positive functional gains in the chronic phase of aphasia. Among the research contributing to the evidence are studies utilizing advances in brain imaging to examine the effects of behavioral treatments on the recovery of patients with chronic aphasia. Prevalent among this research literature is the use of constraint-induced language therapy (CILT) and intensive language therapy (ILT) due to the significant response to treatment within short, but frequent and intense training intervals. The purpose of this review was to provide clinicians an opportunity to more fully understand the effects of behavioral treatments on language processing and the neurological correlates that facilitate recovery in aphasia. A systematic search of aphasia literature using eight electronic databases identified ten studies meeting inclusion/exclusion criteria including but not limited to: patients with chronic aphasia suffering first-time stroke in the language dominant left hemisphere, treatment utilizing CILT or ILT, as well as the use of standardized neuropsychological assessments of aphasia in conjunction with brain image mapping to measure treatment-induced changes in language function pre- and post-treatment. Results and clinical implications are explored as well as directions for future research.